Comparative Evaluations on Dynamics of Malaria and Dengue Co-Infections among Patents in North-West Geopolitical Zones of Nigeria

Abstract

Malaria and dengue fever are significant mosquito-borne illnesses that share similar clinical characteristics, making accurate diagnosis difficult in endemic regions. This study examined the patterns, prevalence, risk factors, and predictive indicators of malaria–dengue co-infection among 200 respondents in Kano, Nigeria. Information on co-infection cases was sought from health facility record departments, along with details of ongoing sensitization and awareness programmes. However, inadequate record-keeping practices in these facilities limited the availability of reliable data on malaria–dengue co-infection, while awareness campaigns for endemic diseases were largely coordinated at government and local government levels. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics and potential disease-related symptoms. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square (χ²) tests, in addition to a simple predictive modeling approach. The results showed prevalence rates of 40% for malaria, 8.5% for dengue (IgM), and 4.5% for co-infection. A statistically significant association was found between gender and malaria infection (χ² = 17.79, p < 0.001), whereas no significant relationship was observed between gender and dengue infection (p = 0.94). Educational level was also significantly associated with the type of infection (χ² = 8.55, p = 0.036). Fever emerged as the strongest predictor of dengue infection, with the likelihood increasing when combined with other symptoms. Although the prevalence of co-infection was relatively low, the risk was higher among individuals already infected with malaria and presenting multiple symptoms.